什么是社会地位与阶级（马克思与韦伯）？
What are social class and status (Marx vs. Weber)?
马克思以生产资料的占有关系界定阶级，强调资本家与工人阶级的对立；韦伯则提出阶级（经济）、地位群体（声望）与政党（权力）三维分层。两者都解释不平等，但韦伯更强调多元分层标准。这些理论仍是分析社会分层的基础框架。
Marx defined class by relationship to the means of production, stressing the opposition of capitalists and workers; Weber proposed a three-dimensional stratification of class (economic), status group (prestige), and party (power). Both explain inequality, but Weber emphasizes multiple criteria. These remain foundational frameworks for analyzing stratification.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Peter Blau & Otis Dudley Duncan,《The American Occupational Structure》Wiley,1967
P. M. Blau and O. D. Duncan, The American Occupational Structure, Wiley, 1967
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3336611W：The American occupation
#阶级 #地位 #马克思 #韦伯
布劳—邓肯的地位获得模型用路径分析说明出身如何影响职业地位，其核心发现是什么？它奠定了何种研究范式？
What was the core finding of Blau and Duncan's status-attainment model using path analysis, and what research paradigm did it establish?
布劳—邓肯发现父亲的职业与受教育年限通过影响个人教育，间接决定子代职业地位，教育是关键中介。该模型把阶层流动量化为可检验的因果链，开启了地位获得的结构化研究传统。
Blau and Duncan found that father's occupation and education shape a son's occupation mainly through the son's own education, which acts as the key mediator. Quantifying mobility as a testable causal chain launched the status-attainment tradition.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
布劳与邓肯《美国职业结构》(1967)
Peter M. Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan, The American Occupational Structure (1967)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3336611W：The American occupation
#布劳邓肯 #地位获得 #阶层流动 #路径分析
什么是社会排斥？
What is social exclusion?
社会排斥指某些群体在就业、教育、住房、政治参与等方面被系统性边缘化、难以充分融入主流社会的状态。它比收入贫困更宽泛，强调参与机会的多维剥夺。反排斥政策强调赋能与包容性制度建设。
Social exclusion is the systematic marginalization of some groups from employment, education, housing, and political participation, preventing full integration into mainstream society. It is broader than income poverty, emphasizing multidimensional deprivation of participation. Anti-exclusion policy emphasizes empowerment and inclusive institutions.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
OECD (2011), 《分化中的我们：不平等为何持续上升》, 经合组织
OECD (2011), Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ARCHIVE 标识 dividedwestandwh0000unse：Divided we stand : w
#社会排斥 #边缘化 #包容
什么是财富与收入的区别？
What is the difference between wealth and income?
收入是一定时期内获得的经济流入（如工资、利息），财富则是某一时点持有的资产净值（资产减去负债）。两者都反映经济状况，但财富更能体现长期积累与代际传递。不平等在财富维度上通常比收入维度更突出。
Income is the economic flow received over a period (such as wages or interest), while wealth is the net asset value held at a point in time (assets minus liabilities). Both reflect economic status, but wealth better shows long-term accumulation and intergenerational transmission. Inequality is usually sharper in wealth than in income.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Piketty,《Capital in the Twenty-First Century》(2014)
Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2014)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ARCHIVE 标识 capitalintwentyf0000pike：Capital in the twent
#财富 #收入 #不平等
戈德索普的阶级图式（EGP）根据雇佣关系与工作地位划分服务阶级、中间阶级与工人阶级，它为何被广泛用于流动研究？
Why is Goldthorpe's EGP class schema—distinguishing service, intermediate, and working classes by employment relations—widely used in mobility research?
戈德索普以“雇佣关系”（是否受雇、是否拥有自主权与晋升）划分阶级，服务阶级享有稳定契约与内部劳动力市场。该分类与客观生活机会高度相关，便于跨国比较代际流动。
Goldthorpe classifies by employment relations (whether one is employed, has autonomy and promotion prospects); the service class enjoys secure contracts and internal labor markets. The schema correlates strongly with life chances, enabling cross-national mobility comparison.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
约翰·戈德索普《社会流动与阶级结构》(1980, 第二版 1987)
John H. Goldthorpe, Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain (1980; 2nd ed. 1987)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL920438W：Social mobility and clas
#戈德索普 #阶级图式 #雇佣关系 #社会流动
什么是同工同酬？
What is equal pay for equal work?
同工同酬指从事同等价值工作的人不论性别、种族或其他身份，应获得相同的报酬。它是消除薪酬歧视、促进职场公平的基本原则。实现它需要透明的薪酬制度与反歧视执法。
Equal pay for equal work means people doing work of equal value receive the same pay regardless of sex, race, or other identity. It is a basic principle for eliminating pay discrimination and promoting workplace fairness. Achieving it requires transparent pay systems and anti-discrimination enforcement.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#同工同酬 #薪酬公平 #反歧视
布劳与邓肯的地位获得模型说明了什么？为什么教育被视为父代地位影响子代成就的主要中介环节？
What does the Blau-Duncan status attainment model show, and why is education seen as the main channel through which fathers' status shapes sons' achievements?
该模型以1962年美国男性职业变迁调查为基础，把父亲的教育与职业、本人教育年限、初职和现职连成一条分析路径。结论是：父代优势只有一部分直接传递，更大份额经由子代的教育发生作用，受教育越久越可能进入声望较高的职业。教育因而成为代际流动的关键通道，其公平与否直接影响分层体系的开放程度。
Built on the 1962 survey of American men's occupational careers, the model chains father's education and occupation, respondent's own schooling, first job, and current job into one pathway. Only part of paternal advantage passes directly; most works through the son's years of education, since longer schooling raises the chance of reaching prestigious occupations. Education is thus the key channel of intergenerational mobility, and its fairness largely determines how open the stratification order is.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
彼得·布劳、奥蒂斯·达德利·邓肯：《美国职业结构》，纽约 John Wiley & Sons 出版社1967年版
Peter M. Blau & Otis Dudley Duncan, The American Occupational Structure, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3336611W：The American occupation
#社会分层 #地位获得 #代际流动
什么是“了不起的盖茨比曲线”？它揭示了收入不平等与社会流动之间的什么关系？
What is the 'Great Gatsby Curve,' and what relationship does it reveal between income inequality and social mobility?
该曲线由经济学家艾伦·克鲁格命名，用以呈现各国收入不平等程度与代际收入弹性（父辈收入预测子女收入的强度）之间的关系：不平等越高的国家（如美、英），子女收入越受出身束缚、流动性越低；较平等的北欧社会则相反。其机制在于高不平等会放大教育投入、居住环境与人脉资源的阶层差距，令优势更易代际传递。
Named by economist Alan Krueger, the curve plots countries' income inequality against intergenerational income elasticity—how strongly parents' income predicts children's. More unequal societies such as the United States and the United Kingdom show lower mobility, while egalitarian Nordic countries show higher. The mechanism is that wide inequality magnifies class gaps in educational investment, neighborhood quality, and connections, making advantage easier to hand down across generations.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
世界银行(World Bank)《Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility》(2020)
World Bank, Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility (2020)
#社会分层 #代际流动 #不平等
什么是中产阶级？
What is the middle class?
中产阶级通常指收入、教育和职业处于社会中间层次的人群，如专业技术人员、管理人员和中小企业主。它常被视为社会稳定与消费的重要支撑。中产阶级的规模与活力被认为关系到社会的健康运行。
The middle class generally refers to people in the intermediate tier of income, education, and occupation, such as professionals, managers, and small business owners. It is often seen as a pillar of social stability and consumption. Its size and vitality are considered vital to a healthy society.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Peter Blau & Otis Dudley Duncan,《The American Occupational Structure》Wiley,1967
P. M. Blau and O. D. Duncan, The American Occupational Structure, Wiley, 1967
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3336611W：The American occupation
#中产阶级 #社会阶层 #稳定