贫困的代际传递如何发生？
How does intergenerational transmission of poverty occur?
贫困代际传递通过物质匮乏、教育资源少、健康差与家庭期望低多重机制叠加，使子女难以脱离底层。它形成“贫困陷阱”。打破需早期干预、教育公平与资产建设。
Intergenerational poverty transmission works through stacked mechanisms—material deprivation, poor education, bad health, low expectations—trapping children at the bottom. It forms a “poverty trap.” Breaking it needs early intervention, educational equity, and asset building.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Peter Blau & Otis Dudley Duncan,《The American Occupational Structure》Wiley,1967
P. M. Blau and O. D. Duncan, The American Occupational Structure, Wiley, 1967
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3336611W：The American occupation
#贫困代际传递 #不平等 #干预
什么是“风险社会”？
What is the "risk society"?
贝克提出风险社会，指现代化制造出核、气候、金融等人为风险，且传统制度难以应对、风险分配不均。财富分配让位于风险分配成为新冲突轴。它呼吁反思性现代化与全球协作。
Beck's risk society holds that modernization produces manufactured risks—nuclear, climate, financial—that traditional institutions poorly handle and that distribute unevenly. Wealth distribution gives way to risk distribution as a new conflict axis. It calls for reflexive modernization and global cooperation.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
乌尔里希·贝克《风险社会：迈向一种新的现代性》(1986, 马克·里特英译本 1992)
Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (1986; trans. Mark Ritter, 1992)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ARCHIVE 标识 risksocietytowar0000beck：Risk Society : Towar
#风险社会 #贝克 #现代性
克伦肖的「交叉性」理论怎样说明种族与性别的劣势会叠加？
How does Crenshaw's 'intersectionality' theory show that disadvantages of race and gender can pile up?
克伦肖在 1989 年提出，黑人群体的经验不能只用「种族」或只用「性别」理解，因为黑人女性同时承受两者的叠加歧视。交叉性提醒反歧视政策若只盯单一身份，会漏掉最被边缘的人。
Crenshaw argued in 1989 that Black people's experience cannot be understood by race alone or gender alone, because Black women face the combined bias of both. Intersectionality warns that anti-discrimination policy aimed at a single identity misses those most marginalized.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Crenshaw，《取消种族与性别的边缘化》(1989)
Crenshaw, 'Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex' (1989)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL43464442W：Demarginalizing the In
#交叉性 #种族 #性别
伦斯基的「地位不一致」理论如何解释同一人在不同维度上高低错位的紧张感？
How does Lenski's 'status inconsistency' theory explain the tension when one person ranks high on some dimensions and low on others?
伦斯基在 1954 年提出，人的财富、教育、种族、声望等地位维度常不「同步」：例如高收入却低学历者会产生心理与社会紧张。这种「错位」比单纯的低地位更易引发不满与政治激进化。
Lenski argued in 1954 that status dimensions—wealth, education, race, prestige—often fail to line up: a high earner with little education, for example, feels social tension. This 'inconsistency' can breed more discontent and political radicalism than simply low status alone.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Lenski，《地位结晶化理论》(1954)
Lenski, 'Status Crystallization' (1954)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL9305080W：Status Crystallization（
#地位不一致 #社会分层 #社会地位
弱关系理论如何解释求职？
How does the weak-tie theory explain job-seeking?
格兰诺维特指出，求职信息更多来自“弱关系”（熟人而非密友），因弱关系跨越不同圈子、带来非冗余的新机会。强关系虽亲密却信息重复。这颠覆了“关系越近越有用”的直觉。
Granovetter showed job information more often comes from weak ties (acquaintances than close friends) because weak ties bridge different circles and bring non-redundant opportunities. Strong ties are intimate but repetitive in information. This overturns the intuition that closer ties help more.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Granovetter, M. (1973), 《弱关系的力量》, 美国社会学杂志 (AJS), 78(6)
Granovetter, M. (1973), The Strength of Weak Ties, American Journal of Sociology, 78(6)
#弱关系 #社会网络 #就业
什么是“相对剥夺感”？
What is the sense of "relative deprivation"?
相对剥夺感指人们与参照群体比较后，感到本应得到却未得到的落差，即使绝对生活改善仍可能强烈。它是怨恨与社会动荡的重要心理来源。公平感知比绝对收入更影响满意度。
Relative deprivation is the felt gap between what one believes they deserve and what they have, compared with a reference group—strong even when absolute life improves. It is a key psychological source of resentment and unrest. Perceived fairness often matters more than absolute income.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Frank, R. (1985), 《选择正确的池塘：人类行为与地位追求》, 牛津大学出版社
Frank, R. (1985), Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status, Oxford University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ARCHIVE 标识 choosingrightpon0000fran：Choosing the right p
#相对剥夺 #不平等 #社会心理
什么是代际流动性？
What is intergenerational mobility?
代际流动性指子女相对于父母在社会经济地位上的变化，如教育、收入阶层。高流动性社会意味着“出身”影响小、机会更公平。北欧通常高于拉美。
Intergenerational mobility is the change in socioeconomic status of children relative to parents, in education or income rank. High mobility means origin matters less and opportunity is fairer. The Nordic countries typically exceed Latin America on this.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Peter Blau & Otis Dudley Duncan,《The American Occupational Structure》Wiley,1967
P. M. Blau and O. D. Duncan, The American Occupational Structure, Wiley, 1967
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3336611W：The American occupation
#代际流动 #社会分层 #公平
代际公平指什么？
What does intergenerational equity mean?
代际公平要求当代人不透支资源与环境，使后代拥有可比的发展机会。它常用于气候、债务与社保讨论。过度举债或污染是把成本转嫁给未来世代。
Intergenerational equity demands the current generation not overdraw resources or the environment so future generations retain comparable opportunities. It is central to climate, debt, and pension debates. Excessive borrowing or pollution shifts costs onto future cohorts.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
OECD（《经济政策改革》·长期财政可持续性分析）
OECD (Economic Policy Reforms, long-term fiscal sustainability analysis)
#代际公平 #可持续发展 #气候
什么是“原子化”社会？
What is an "atomized" society?
原子化社会指传统纽带（家庭、邻里、社群）松动，个体彼此孤立、缺乏稳定归属。它可能源自城市化、迁移与数字生活。后果包括孤独感上升与公共参与下降。
An atomized society is one where traditional bonds—family, neighborhood, community—weaken and individuals become isolated without stable belonging. It can stem from urbanization, migration, and digital life. Consequences include rising loneliness and declining public engagement.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Robert Putnam,《Bowling Alone》Simon & Schuster,2000
R. D. Putnam, Bowling Alone, Simon & Schuster, 2000
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL4291077W：Bowling Alone（按标题+作者/年份
#原子化 #社会变迁 #孤独
人口老龄化带来哪些挑战？
What challenges does population aging bring?
老龄化指老年人口占比上升，加重养老金与医疗负担，并收缩劳动力供给。若储蓄与投资跟不上，可能拖累增长。应对包括延迟退休、提高生产率与移民补给。
Aging means a rising share of elderly, burdening pensions and healthcare while shrinking the labor supply. If savings and investment lag, growth may slow. Responses include raising retirement age, boosting productivity, and immigration.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
联合国 (2019), 《世界人口老化 2019》, 联合国
United Nations (2019), World Population Ageing 2019
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9789210510929 (2002)
#老龄化 #人口 #福利制度
什么是“集体行动困境”？
What is the collective action problem?
集体行动困境指众人共享目标却因“个人不愿出力、指望他人”而难以协同，如环保、罢工。奥尔森指出小集团更易行动。制度激励与领袖能打破困境。
The collective action problem is when many share a goal but coordination fails because each withholds effort, expecting others to act—as in environmental protection or strikes. Olson noted small groups act more easily. Incentives and leadership can break the deadlock.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
奥尔森《集体行动的逻辑》(1965)
Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (1965)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL108561W：The logic of collective
#集体行动 #搭便车 #合作
萨瑟兰的「白领犯罪」概念如何打破「犯罪多属底层」的刻板印象？
How does Sutherland's 'white-collar crime' concept break the stereotype that crime belongs mainly to the lower class?
萨瑟兰在 1939 年提出「白领犯罪」，指身居企业或专业职位的人利用职务之便进行的欺诈、贪污等违法，如虚假财报。它揭示犯罪并非底层专属，「体面人」的职务犯罪同样造成巨大社会损失。
Sutherland coined 'white-collar crime' in 1939 to describe fraud, embezzlement, and the like committed by people in business or professional roles through their occupation, such as fake financial reports. It shows crime is not confined to the lower class—respectable insiders cause enormous social loss too.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Sutherland，《白领犯罪》(1949)
Sutherland, 'White Collar Crime' (1949)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5597439W：White collar crime（首版 1
#白领犯罪 #职务犯罪 #社会分层
城市化与社会变迁有何关系？
How is urbanization related to social change?
城市化把人口从乡村聚到城市，重塑家庭结构、就业与价值观念，常伴随个体化与世俗化。它推动服务业与制度创新，也带来交通、住房与不平等压力。城市是现代社会变迁的核心引擎。
Urbanization moves population from villages to cities, reshaping family, employment, and values, often toward individualism and secularization. It drives services and institutional innovation yet brings transport, housing, and inequality pressures. Cities are the core engine of modern social change.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Peter Blau & Otis Dudley Duncan,《The American Occupational Structure》Wiley,1967
P. M. Blau and O. D. Duncan, The American Occupational Structure, Wiley, 1967
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3336611W：The American occupation
#城市化 #社会变迁 #现代化
什么是“相对贫困”与“绝对贫困”？
What are relative and absolute poverty?
绝对贫困看能否满足吃穿住行等基本生存，相对贫困看是否显著低于社会平均水平、被主流生活排斥。富裕社会更关注相对贫困，因它关系社会包容。两者政策含义不同。
Absolute poverty checks basic survival—food, clothing, shelter; relative poverty checks being markedly below the social average and excluded from mainstream life. Wealthy societies focus more on relative poverty as it bears on inclusion. Their policy implications differ.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
世界银行 (2022), 《贫困与共享繁荣 2022》, 世界银行
World Bank (2022), Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL34024915W：Poverty and Shared Pro
#相对贫困 #绝对贫困 #不平等
什么是贫困线？
What is the poverty line?
贫困线是官方划定的最低生活费用标准，收入低于它即被视为贫困。绝对标准看能否满足基本温饱，相对标准通常按收入中位数的比例设定。它用于识别救助对象与监测减贫。
The poverty line is an official minimum living-cost threshold; income below it is considered poverty. An absolute standard checks basic subsistence; a relative one is usually set as a share of median income. It identifies aid recipients and monitors poverty reduction.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
世界银行 (2020), 《贫困与共享繁荣 2020》, 世界银行
World Bank (2020), Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL22289537W：Poverty and Shared Pro
#贫困线 #贫困 #政策
「准无产者」（precariat）指的是一类怎样的劳动者？
What kind of workers does the 'precariat' describe?
「准无产者」指从事临时工、零工、短约等「不稳定、低收入、缺保障」工作的群体，既不像传统工人有长期雇佣，也难指望福利与晋升。社会学家斯坦丁在 2011 年用这个词刻画全球化与零工经济下的新脆弱阶层。
The 'precariat' are people in temporary, gig, or short-contract work that is unstable, low-paid, and unprotected—neither the secure long-term employee nor the beneficiary of steady welfare. Sociologist Standing used the term in 2011 for the new fragile class of globalization and the gig economy.
难度 入门 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Standing，《准无产者》(2011)
Standing, 'The Precariat' (2011)
#准无产者 #零工经济 #社会脆弱性
什么是家庭？
What is a family?
家庭是基于婚姻、血缘或收养形成的基本社会单位，承担生育、抚养、经济合作与情感支持功能。现代家庭形态日益多元，如单亲、同居与丁克。它是社会结构的细胞。
The family is the basic social unit formed by marriage, blood, or adoption, undertaking reproduction, care, economic cooperation, and emotional support. Modern family forms are increasingly diverse—single-parent, cohabiting, childfree. It is the cell of social structure.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Becker, G. (1981), 《家庭论》, 哈佛大学出版社
Becker, G. (1981), A Treatise on the Family, Harvard University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL2963144W：A treatise on the famil
#家庭 #社会单位 #变迁
为什么同一份简历,换个名字回复率就不一样?简历实验揭示了什么?
Why does the same resume get fewer replies after a name swap? What do resume audit studies reveal?
函件实验法让歧视第一次变得可测量:研究者虚构完全相同的简历,只改变暗示种族或性别的名字,成对投递给数千个真实岗位。芝加哥与波士顿的经典研究显示,白人名字简历的回复率比同等条件的非裔名字高约五成;后续多国复制普遍发现类似差距,有的行业甚至更大。它把看不见的态度转译为看得见的回调差,成为反就业歧视诉讼与政策评估的标准工具;也提醒求职者:结构性的门槛无法靠个人努力单独跨越,这正是立法与匿名初筛的依据。
Correspondence experiments made discrimination measurable: researchers fabricate identical resume pairs differing only in names signaling race or gender and submit them to thousands of real openings. The classic Chicago-Boston study found white-sounding names drew roughly fifty percent more callbacks than equally strong Black-sounding names, with replications worldwide showing gaps as wide or wider in some sectors. The method translates invisible attitudes into visible callback differences, powering anti-discrimination litigation and policy evaluation — and reminding job seekers that structural gates cannot be jumped by effort alone, which is exactly why anonymous screening laws exist.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Bertrand 与 Mullainathan,《Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal?»,American Economic Review 第94卷,2004
M. Bertrand and S. Mullainathan, Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal?, American Economic Review 94, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5891810W：Are Emily and Greg more
#简历实验 #招聘歧视 #因果推断