面对依次出现的N个候选,最多面试多少人就该定下当前最佳?最优策略是什么?
Facing N candidates one by one, how many should you sample before picking the best-so-far? What is the optimal rule?
经典秘书问题的最优策略是先拒绝前约37%(1/e)的候选作为观察,之后一旦出现比已见都好的人就立刻接受。这样选中最佳的概率约37%。
The optimal secretary problem rule is to reject the first ~37% (1/e) as a sample, then accept the first candidate better than all seen. This secures the best with about 37% probability.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Ferguson, T. S., 《谁解开了秘书问题?》, Statistical Science 4(3), 1989
Ferguson, T. S., 'Who Solved the Secretary Problem?', Statistical Science 4(3), 1989
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1214/ss/1177012493:Who Solved the Secreta
#秘书问题 #最优停止 #博弈
什么是孔多塞悖论,为什么多数投票可能得不到一致的群体偏好?
What is the Condorcet paradox, and why can majority voting fail to yield a consistent group preference?
三个选民对三个选项有循环偏好时,多数票会陷入A胜B、B胜C、C胜A的循环。这说明群体偏好未必满足传递性。
With three voters holding cyclic preferences, majority votes cycle (A beats B, B beats C, C beats A). Group preferences need not be transitive.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
孔多塞《应用概率分析考察多数表决决策之试论》(1785);肯尼斯·阿罗《社会选择与个人价值》(1951)
Marquis de Condorcet, 'Essai sur l'application de l'analyse à la probabilité des décisions rendues à la pluralité des voix' (1785); Kenneth Arrow, 'Social Choice and Individual Values', Cowles Commission monograph (1951)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5103552W:Social choice and indiv
#投票悖论 #社会选择 #偏好循环
囚徒困境中,为什么两人都理性背叛反而得到最坏结果?
In the prisoner's dilemma, why does mutual rational defection produce the worst joint outcome?
对每个人而言,无论对方怎么做,背叛都是占优策略;但各自的最优选择叠加后却得到帕累托更差的结局。它揭示个体理性与集体理性的冲突。
For each person, defecting dominates regardless of the other's choice, yet the combination yields a Pareto-worse outcome. It shows the clash between individual and collective rationality.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
美国数学会(AMS)《博弈论与经济模型》
American Mathematical Society (AMS), Game Theory and Economic Modeling
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787100047876(豆瓣书目条目: 博弈论与经济模型)
#囚徒困境 #博弈论 #纳什均衡
计算机里的随机数真的是随机的吗?
Are the random numbers inside computers truly random?
大多不是。普通程序用确定性算法生成伪随机数,序列由种子决定、可复现;真正随机需借助物理噪声(如热噪声)。
Usually not. Most programs use deterministic algorithms producing pseudorandom numbers seeded and reproducible; true randomness needs physical noise such as thermal noise.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
美国数学会(AMS)《数值分析》
American Mathematical Society (AMS), Numerical Analysis
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780538733519 (2011) · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9780387987934 (1999)
#随机数 #伪随机 #算法
抽签时先抽和后抽,中奖概率一样吗?
In a lottery by drawing lots, does drawing first or later change your win probability?
一样。无论顺序如何,每个人在抽签前的中奖概率都等于奖品占比,这正是无放回随机抽样的公平性。
They are equal. Under sampling without replacement, everyone's win probability before drawing equals the share of prizes — that is the fairness of the lottery.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《概率论与数理统计》
Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics (《概率论与数理统计》)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787312018381(豆瓣书目条目: 概率论与数理统计)
#抽签 #公平性 #组合
从52张牌中发5张,拿到同花(五张同花色)的概率是多少?
Dealt 5 cards from a 52-card deck, what is the probability of a flush (all five of one suit)?
约0.197%,大约1/509。计算为4乘以从13张同花色选5张,再除以总组合数C(52,5)。
About 0.197% (roughly 1 in 509). It equals 4 times C(13,5) divided by C(52,5).
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Grinstead, C. M. 与 Snell, J. L., 《概率导论》, 美国数学会 (AMS)
Grinstead, C. M. & Snell, J. L., 'Introduction to Probability', American Mathematical Society
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780821807491 (1997)
#扑克 #组合 #概率